Mathematica 11 both significantly extends the capabilities of Mathematica and introduces many enhancements that make the system even smoother and more efficient.
Long awaited, and building on a huge tower of algorithmic functionality
Symbolic and numeric eigenvalue problems: Helmholtz, Schrödinger, etc.
Full support for random matrices and their statistical properties
Add, divide, etc. time series, with regular or irregular sampling
Feet and inches, dollars and cents: handle mixed-radix numbers
CoordinateBounds computes min and max for every dimension in data
Statistical distributions can give quantities, with all the correct units
Distances between geo points, dates, strings, images...
RegularPolygon for the polygon, CirclePoints for the corners
AnglePath provides industrial-strength, Logo-like paths
FromPolarCoordinates etc. for instant conversion to and from polar coordinates
RulePlot automatically displays rules and evolutions for cellular automata etc. in many formats
Specify 3D rotations with RollPitchYawAngles, EulerAngles...
Automatically placed callouts let you label points, lines, curves...
See inside 3D regions with six kinds of slice plots
ClipPlanes becomes a style for any 3D object
Visualize with super-flexible word clouds, timelines, etc.
Set up any transformation of axis ticks you want
PlotTheme instantly switches between different visual themes for Graph etc.
Exact exclusions for all plots (2D, 3D...)
Instant triangular, square, etc. numbers
DifferenceQuotient to approximate Ε-Δ and all that
However you define a region, you can plot only over that region
Want to do math like it was done 2,000 years ago?
RepairMesh to fix those little glitches in 3D geometry
Automatic pipeline from a 3D plot of functions or data, to a printed 3D object
Instant connections to 3D printers and 3D printing services
Go from a 3D scan (or built-in AnatomyData) to a 3D-printed object, such as a bone
Immediately printable 3D geometries
Courier is finally gone, even on the desktop, replaced by an elegant sans-serif code font
Spellchecking with extended dictionaries as you type in 25+ languages (desktop version)
Want to know possible option values, or entity properties? Just start typing...
New message display lets you immediately find out where a message was generated
In a notebook, Ctrl + 8 now immediately makes an initialization cell, indicated with a gray background
Examples from web documentation are live when they're copied, even on the desktop
Edit your code in a full-function notebook; get it saved as Get[]able plain text
Table[x, n] makes n copies of x; it doesn't need to Table[x,{n}]
Replace an element of a string with Nothing—and it'll just disappear
Echo prints, but then returns what it printed, so you can slip it into code anywhere
Once lets you give code to be run only once per session
Make a list of n numbers from 0 to 1, etc.
Put patterns anywhere in associations, with correct orderless matching etc.
RepeatedTiming automatically repeats faster operations and averages the times they take
SequenceFold lets you fold in any number of previous elements
Get the n largest, smallest, etc. elements in a list
Create a graph by iteratively nesting a function
SequencePosition, SequenceCount, etc.: look for sequences directly in lists
Map functions that take blocks rather than single elements
WordList for words of different types (common, verbs, etc.) in 27 languages
TextWords, TextSentences, etc. to get lists of words, sentences, etc. in a string
WordDefinition for direct access to word definitions
Full sentence parsing into trees of clauses, phrases, etc.
LetterCounts, WordCounts, etc. in any text
CompoundElement, RepeatingElement, etc. for interpreting structured data
Deploy arbitrary grammars containing built-in NLU elements
Annotate code in real time with function explanations in a dozen languages
Transliterate from Chinese, Russian, whatever, to any writing script
AlphabeticSort just does the right thing...
RemoveDiacritics to remove diacritical marks
TextRecognize now supports 60 languages
Use TravelDistance to find actual driving distances, not just geodesic distances
Sequences of border maps for the histories of 1,000+ countries
DynamicGeoGraphics makes interactive maps
Tiles for up to zoom level 11 for Earth (as well as for the Moon, Mars, Pluto, etc.)
Full 3D geometry from GeoElevationData
Ask for values at particular dates using Dated
EntityStore to let you specify your own entities, properties and values
Core support for instantly accessible large-scale external data
The largest five countries, the densest metal, etc., all symbolically specified
Use a dozen different methods to get data into databins in the cloud
Any shape, any depth, automatically formatted—with scrolling and drilldown
Support for processing hour-long audio files, visualizing them, etc.
Directly manipulate audio displayed in notebooks
DynamicImage lets you keep an image on disk, and zoom and pan in it
ColorBalance to correct colors, etc.
Static and dynamic highlighting of points, curves and areas in images
ImageMesh converts from any binary 2D or 3D image to the corresponding mesh region
Automatically extract dates, times, etc. from Exif, XMP, IPTC
FeatureExtractor option to specify how to extract features for Classify etc.
Construct and train full neural networks using CPUs and GPUs
Machine learning-based clustering for data, images, text, etc., making trees, dendrograms, etc.
Immediately pull in material from Wikipedia articles
WolframLanguageData for detailed information about the functions of the Wolfram Language
Many more domains of knowledge covered
Forecasts as well as historical weather data
Flexible channel framework for communication between anything, into notebooks, etc.
CloudSubmit to submit anything
FileSystemMap to map operations over nested directories
LocalObject, LocalCache, etc. to store, cache, etc. anything locally
Store data directly in binary form
Call code, APIs and functions with local or cloud kernels right from the command line
CloudExpression to put expressions into the cloud that can be modified anytime
Communicate through sockets just like through files
Set up cloud objects so anyone with a key can access them
Multipage, extensible, recyclable, etc. forms, with more kinds of controls
URLDispatcher lets you symbolically define rules for different URLs
URLSubmit and HandlerFunctions for asynchronous URL reading
Use AskFunction to set up arbitrary logic for user interactions ("interviews", "wizards"...)
Detailed symbolic handling of getting, setting and storing cookies
Automatically execute code based on the receipt of email